Elementary Functions at a Glance

Elementary functions are the building blocks of most formulas you will see in calculus and its applications.

Power Functions

Power function

f(x)=xaf(x) = x^a where aa is a real number.

  • If aa is an integer, the domain is R\mathbb{R}.
  • If aa is rational with even denominator, restrict to keep roots real (e.g., x1/2x^{1/2} needs x0x \ge 0).
  • a>1a > 1: grows faster; a=1a = 1: line; 0<a<10 < a < 1: concave, passes (0,0)(0,0).
  • Negative aa yields reciprocals (e.g., x1=1xx^{-1} = \dfrac{1}{x}, domain excludes 00).

Exponential Functions

Exponential function

f(x)=axf(x) = a^x with a>0a > 0, a1a \ne 1. Domain: R\mathbb{R}; Range: (0,+)(0, +\infty).

  • Increasing if a>1a>1, decreasing if 0<a<10<a<1.
  • Always positive, crosses (0,1)(0,1).

Logarithmic Functions

Logarithmic function

f(x)=logaxf(x) = \log_a x with a>0a > 0, a1a \ne 1. Domain: (0,+)(0, +\infty); Range: R\mathbb{R}.

  • Inverse of axa^x; passes (1,0)(1,0).
  • Increasing if a>1a>1, decreasing if 0<a<10<a<1.

Trigonometric Functions

  • sinx\sin x, cosx\cos x are bounded in [1,1][-1,1] with period 2π2\pi.
  • tanx\tan x, cotx\cot x have period π\pi and vertical asymptotes.
  • sin\sin is odd, cos\cos is even; phase shifts create other shapes.

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

  • arcsinx\arcsin x: domain [1,1][-1,1], range [π2,π2]\left[-\dfrac{\pi}{2}, \dfrac{\pi}{2}\right]
  • arccosx\arccos x: domain [1,1][-1,1], range [0,π][0, \pi]
  • arctanx\arctan x: domain R\mathbb{R}, range (π2,π2)\left(-\dfrac{\pi}{2}, \dfrac{\pi}{2}\right)

练习题

练习 1

State the domain and monotonicity of f(x)=x1/2f(x) = x^{1/2}.

参考答案

Domain: [0,+)[0, +\infty). Increasing on its domain.

练习 2

Compare growth: which grows faster as x+x \to +\infty, x3x^3 or 2x2^x?

参考答案

Exponential 2x2^x eventually outgrows any power x3x^3; limx+2xx3=+\lim_{x\to+\infty}\dfrac{2^x}{x^3} = +\infty.

练习 3

Give one even and one odd trigonometric function with their periods.

参考答案

Even: cosx\cos x, period 2π2\pi.
Odd: sinx\sin x, period 2π2\pi.


总结

本文出现的符号

符号类型读音/说明在本文中的含义
xax^a数学符号x to the a幂函数表达式
axa^x数学符号a to the x指数函数
logax\log_a x数学符号log base a of x对数函数
π\pi希腊字母Pi(派)三角函数的周期常数
arcsinx\arcsin x数学符号arc-sine of x反三角函数
arctanx\arctan x数学符号arc-tangent of x反三角函数

中英对照

中文术语英文术语音标说明
幂函数power function/ˈpaʊər ˈfʌŋkʃən/形如 xax^a 的函数
指数函数exponential function/ˌɛkspəˈnɛnʃəl ˈfʌŋkʃən/底数固定、指数为自变量的函数
对数函数logarithmic function/ˌlɒɡəˈrɪðmɪk ˈfʌŋkʃən/指数函数的反函数
三角函数trigonometric function/ˌtrɪɡənəˈmɛtrɪk ˈfʌŋkʃən/以角度/弧度为自变量的周期函数
反三角函数inverse trigonometric function/ɪnˈvɜːs ˌtrɪɡənəˈmɛtrɪk ˈfʌŋkʃən/求角度的三角函数逆运算
周期period/ˈpɪəriəd/三角函数重复的最小正间隔

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